A peep into the history
The earliest-known settlement on the site of Istanbul was probably founded around 1000 BC, a few hundred years after the Trojan War and in the same period that kings David and King Solomon ruled in Jerusalem.
Around 700 BC, colonists from Megara- Greece - founded the city of Chalcedon on the Asian shore of the Bosphorus.
Legend says, the Byzantium was founded by another Greek colonist named Byzas who was the son of the daughter of God Zeus and Io. Byzas and his mates settled here and their new town came to be called Byzantium after its founder.
The new colony quickly prospered, largely due to its ability to levy tolls and harbour fees on ships passing through the Bosphorus, then as now an important waterway. A thriving marketplace was established and the inhabitants lived on traded goods and the abundant fish stocks in the surrounding waters.
In 512 BC Darius, emperor of Persia, captured the city during his campaign. Following the retreat of the Persians in 478 BC, the town came under the influence and protection of Athens and joined the Athenian League. It was a turbulent relationship, with Byzantium revolting a number of times, only to be defeated by the Athenians.
The Spartans took the city in 404 BC but were ousted in 390 BC, when Byzantium once again joined the League of Athens. It was granted independence in 355 BC but stayed under the Athenian umbrella, withstanding with Athenian help a siege by Philip, father of Alexander the Great, in 340 BC.
By the end of the Hellenistic (classical Greek civilization) period, Byzantium had formed an alliance with the Roman Empire. It retained its status as a free state, which it even kept after being officially incorporated into the Roman Empire in AD 79 by Vespasian. But, in AD 193, the Byzentium elders made a big mistake by taking a wrong side in a Roman war of succession. When Septimius Severus emerged victorious over his rival Pescennius Niger, he mounted a three-year siege of the city, eventually massacring Byzantium’s citizens, razing its walls and burning it to the ground.
Ancient Byzantium was no more.
It was subsequently ruled by a succession of emperors, including the great Diocletian (AD 284–303).
Rise and fall of Constantinople
Diocletian had decreed that after his retirement, the government of the Roman Empire should be overseen by co-emperors Galerius in the east and Constantine in the west. This resulted in a civil war, which was won by Constantine in AD 324 when he defeated Licinius, Galerius’ successor, at Chrysopolis.
With his victory, Constantine became sole emperor (AD 324–37) of a reunited Roman empire. He decided to move the capital of the empire to the shores of the Bosphorus. He built a new, wider circle of walls around the site of Byzantium and laid out a magnificent city within. The city was dedicated on 11 May 330 as New Rome, but soon came to be called Constantinople.
Constantine died in 337, just seven years after the dedication of his new capital. His empire was divided up between his three sons: Constantius, Constantien and Constans. Constantinople was part of Constantius’ share. His power base was greatly increased in 353 when he overthrew both of his brothers and brought the empire under his sole control.
From 565 to 1204, a succession of warrior emperors kept invaders such as the Persians, Arabs, Bulgarians and Soldiers of the Second Crusade. On 13 April 1204 they broke through the walls, and sacked and pillaged the rich capital of their once ally.
The empire steadily declined until, just over half a century later in 1261, it was easily recaptured by the soldiers of Michael VIII Palaeologus, formerly the emperor of Nicaea, where the Byzantine Empire in exile sat. The Byzantine Empire was restored.
Despite the inevitability of the conquest Mehmet, the 21 year old Ottoman war lord decided to take the city. Emperor Constantine XI (AD 1449–53) refused the surrender terms offered by Mehmet on 23 May 1453, preferring to wait in hope that Christendom would come to his rescue. On 28 May the final attack commenced: the mighty walls were breached, the sultan’s troops flooded in and by the evening of the 29th they were in control of every quarter. Constantine, the last emperor of Byzantium, died fighting on the city walls.
For centuries, the non-Turkish ethnic and non-Muslim religious minorities in the sultan’s domains had lived side by side with their Turkish neighbours, governed by their own religious and traditional laws. The head of each community – chief rabbi, Orthodox patriarch etc – was responsible to the sultan for the community’s wellbeing and behaviour.
When World War-I broke out, the Ottoman parliament and sultan made the fatal error of siding with Germany and the Central Powers. With their defeat, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, Istanbul was occupied by the British and the sultan became a pawn in the hands of the victors.
The Turkish War of Independence, in which the Turkish Nationalist forces led by Mustafa Kemal fought off Greek, French and Italian invasion forces, lasted from 1920 to 1922. Victory in the bitter war put Mustafa Kemal (1881–1938) in command of the fate of the Turks. The sultanate was abolished in 1922, as was the Ottoman Empire soon after. The republic was born on 29 October 1923.
Touch down at Istanbul Ataturk Airport from the side of the Sea of Marmara
![]()
Looking from Europe to Asia
‘Solomon, I have outdone thee’
The Emperor Justinian-I, is said to have exclaimed the above after completing one of the marvels of the Byzantine architecture, the Church of the Holy Wisdom, known as Hagia Sophia in Greek, Sancta Sophia in Latin, and Aya Sofya in Turkish. He was actually referring the Solomon’s temple of Jerusalem.
This former Byzantine church was converted by Ottoman Empire to a mosque, but now a museum, Aya Sophia is universally acknowledged as one of the great buildings of the world.
Original Aya Sophia was built on this site in the fourth century by Constantine the Great. Constantine was the first Christian emperor and the founder of the city of Constantinople, which he called "the New Rome." It was destructed and a second was built by his son Constantius and the emperor Theodosius the Great. This second church was burned down during the Nika riots of 532.
Aya Sophia was rebuilt in her present form between 532 and 537 under the personal supervision of Emperor Justinian I.
Evening falls on Aya Sophia
Oh, it is time for a Turkish breakfast
The standard Turkish breakfast includes bread, butter, jam and/or honey, olives, tomatoes, cucumbers, cheese, yogurt, cold meats, fruit juice, perhaps eggs, and tea or coffee. Turkish traditional Bread is called Ekmek
Ekmek